National Human Rights Institute

 By  Akhmad Zamroni

Source: statik.tempo.co

What is a national human rights institution? What is the role of national human rights institutions in efforts to uphold and protect human rights? Why is it necessary to establish a human rights institution? Doesn't the government already have law enforcement officers tasked with protecting human rights?

Efforts to protect and improve human rights are seen as insufficient if only relying on laws and regulations. The day after the proclamation of independence, our country already has a legal basis for human rights, namely the 1945 Constitution, but in reality for decades under the Old and New Order regimes, the Indonesian people still experience human rights violations. The improvement of human rights by relying solely on laws and regulations has not produced optimal results –– at least this is the case in Indonesia.

For this reason, the existence of statutory regulations is deemed necessary to be equipped with other instruments. Other instruments referred to, among others, are human rights institutions. A human rights institution is an institution specifically formed to undertake efforts to address human rights problems, especially efforts to uphold, protect and defend (advocate) human rights. It is hoped that such an institution can become the infrastructure for improving and advancing the condition of human rights.

In order to maximize its performance, specialized human rights institutions themselves must also meet certain, stringent requirements. The requirement is that the institution must be independent (neutral) and consist of qualified people who have great concern in the protection and enforcement of human rights. It should be added, that independence means that it is free from interference and influence from all outside (external) parties, especially the government.

It is assumed that the involvement of government officials who are still active in human rights institutions will reduce the performance of the institution. This is because government officials who are still active are generally bound by the influence and interests of the government. Evidence shows that gross violations of human rights in Indonesia –– and also in almost all countries in the world –– have been mostly perpetrated by government officials; for the future the situation is predicted as well. That is why, if human rights institutions consist of people who are still active in the government bureaucracy or are influenced by the government, it is feared that the institution will fall into a government institution that will never be able to make efforts to protect, enforce, improve and promote human rights as it should be.

Therefore, efforts to improve and promote human rights, apart from relying solely on laws and regulations, also cannot rely solely on the government. Legislation is only an inanimate and frozen "object" that cannot respond directly to human rights violations and problems without the role of humans, namely law enforcement officials. Meanwhile, the government and its ranks of law enforcement officials (police and prosecutors) generally find it very difficult to be neutral in efforts to address human rights violations and problems because serious human rights violations and problems are generally committed or caused by government officials.

The existence of a special independent human rights institution, thus, is very important in the efforts to improve and promote human rights in Indonesia. If it is protected by a valid legal umbrella and given adequate duties and powers, we can rely on institutions like this to make efforts to improve and promote human rights in our country. However, such an institution cannot work alone. The role of other institutions or agencies is still very much needed to support the performance of human rights institutions. Law enforcement agencies or agencies, such as the police, prosecutors and courts, have a role to play in carrying out legal settlement of cases of human rights violations discovered by human rights institutions.

Then, what human rights institutions currently exist in Indonesia? What duties and powers does this institution have in dealing with human rights issues? And what are the functions and roles of these institutions in the efforts to improve and promote human rights in our country?

It can be said that currently in Indonesia there are many human rights institutions. Some of these institutions actually do not claim to be human rights institutions. However, seen from their progress and concrete performance in the field, these institutions are classified as human rights institutions. For example, they actively assist and defend victims of human rights violations.

In general, human rights institutions in our country can be divided into two groups, namely state human rights institutions and non-governmental human rights institutions. State human rights institutions are established and financed by the state based on statutory regulations. The objectives, duties, powers, membership and position of state human rights institutions are clearly regulated by law. Meanwhile, non-governmental human rights institutions were formed and financed purely by and on the initiative of some members of the community. These institutions are commonly known as non-governmental organizations (abbreviated as NGOs) or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) whose membership, objectives, vision, mission, and work programs are usually regulated by a statute/by-laws.

The need for the establishment of a state institution that specifically has the duty and authority to deal with human rights issues in our country has actually been felt for a long time, especially since the rampant violations of human rights that occurred during the Orde Lama (Old Order) and Orde Baru (New Order) administrations. The human rights violations committed by the Orde Lama and Orde Baru regimes aroused the awareness of many circles of society –– especially figures and groups who care about human rights issues about the need for the establishment of human rights institutions by the state. On various occasions there have been many calls on the government to form a state human rights institution.

Source: statik.tempo.co

Against various appeals and exhortations that have emerged from the community, the government finally cannot continue to remain silent. In 1993 the desire to form a state human rights institution was finally realized with the establishment of the Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (Komnas HAM –– National Commission on Human Rights). This is the first human rights institution in Indonesia's modern history. Five years later, in 1998, following the formation of the Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan (Komnas Perempuan –– National Commission on Violence Against Women). In 1998 the Komisi Nasional Perlindungan Anak (Komnas PA –– National Commission for Child Protection) was also formed. To complement the duties and responsibilities of the National Commission on Human Rights, in the early 2000s the initiative to establish a human rights commission (to be) called the Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi (KKR –– Truth and Reconciliation Commission) was initiated.

Human rights issues in our country are very complex and are often difficult to handle and resolve only by official state human rights institutions. It seems that there is a need for other institutions outside the official state human rights institutions to strengthen efforts to protect and enforce human rights in Indonesia. Nowadays, non-governmental human rights organizations (NGOs) or non-governmental human rights organizations (NGOs) are needed as partners to the state's official human rights institutions.

From the history of its birth, non-governmental human rights institutions were even formed far earlier than state human rights institutions. Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia  (LBHI –– The Indonesian Legal Aid Institute), for example, was formed in 1970 when the government and the general public had not thought about the importance of human rights institutions. To add to the ranks of non-governmental human rights organizations community, following the establishment of new institutions, such as the Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (ELSAM –– Institute for Community Studies and Advocacy), the Perhimpunan Bantuan Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Indonesia (PBHI –– Association of Indonesian Legal Aid and Human Rights), the Komisi untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan (Kontras –– Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence), and Imparsial (Impartiality).

 

Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Human Rights Courts

By  Akhmad Zamroni  

Source: http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net

The trial of cases of human rights violations in Indonesia is carried out through two court institutions, namely the general court (ordinary) and the human rights court (special). Judiciary through public courts is carried out to adjudicate cases of minor offenses. Meanwhile, the trial through a human rights court is conducted to try cases of gross human rights violations. Human rights violations that are categorized as serious violations are genocide and crimes against humanity –– apart from the two violations are still classified as minor violations.

With Law no. 26 of 2000 on Human Rights Courts, a special court has been established under the name "Human Rights Court". However, according to the provisions of this law, a human rights court is established to hear cases of serious violations that occurred after the enactment of (passed) Law no. 26/2000. In other words, the human rights court only has the authority to hear cases of serious violations that occurred after 2000. As for serious violations that occurred before Law no. 26 of 2000 applies, the trial is conducted by an ad hoc human rights court, that is, a special human rights court that is established on a temporary basis. Cases of gross human rights violations that occurred before Law no. 26 of 2000 in effect can also be resolved by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (KKR).

Justice for cases of human rights violations is clearly a very important part. Through this judiciary, the protection and enforcement of human rights will be much determined and at stake. The success of human rights courts will determine the success of efforts to protect and enforce human rights in our country.

The success of human rights courts itself is primarily measured by its ability to produce decisions (verdicts). If the decisions it issues are fair and correct, the human rights court can be said to be successful in carrying out its duties and powers. If this is the case, it is hoped that the efforts to protect and enforce human rights will also achieve success.

In principle, the judiciary for cases of human rights violations must be able to give fair and correct decisions. A fair and correct decision on the one hand will be able to restore and restore the rights of the victim, while on the other hand it will provide sanctions or punishments that are appropriate to the perpetrators of the violation. Both in the short and long term, fair and correct court decisions will have a positive impact on human rights protection and enforcement. The positive impacts that will result, among others, are as follows.

•    The public will become more aware of the importance of human rights.

•    The community will be moved to respect and respect the human rights of each other.

•    People will feel more secure and guaranteed their human rights.

•    Society increasingly trusts, respects and obeys the law.

•    People are not prone to human rights violations because they are increasingly critical, courageous, and proactive in making complaints and prosecutions.

•    Those who have the potential to commit human rights violations will have more control over their behavior because of the deterrent effect (kapok).

•    The likelihood or risk that cases of human rights violations will recur will be greatly reduced.

However, a fair and correct verdict in the trial of cases of human rights violations is not easy to realize. So far, court decisions in cases of gross human rights violations have very often caused controversy and dissatisfaction in the community. Even today, there are still many serious violators of human rights in the past - generally former officials and high-ranking police and military officers during the New Order era - who are still free to roam, untouched by the law.

Thus, the establishment of a human rights court with the task of adjudicating cases of violations is not sufficient. To optimize and ensure the success of the performance of a human rights court –– that is, one that can produce fair and correct decisions –– it is necessary for judges with conditions that are not playing games. Judges in a human rights court must truly master and have experience in human rights issues, be professional, have high morals, be free from KKN (corruption, collusion and nepotism), and have a high level of concern and dedication to human values. One more thing, they must also be able to work and give decisions on the basis of the highest justice and truth.

Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Establishment of Human Rights Institutions

By  Akhmad Zamroni

Source: www.imcnews.id

Efforts to protect and enforce human rights are deemed incomplete if only relying on statutory regulations. The day after the proclamation of independence, Indonesia already has a legal basis for human rights, namely the Undang-Undang Dasar Negara RI Tahun 1945 (1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia), but for decades under the Orde Lama and Orde Baru governments the Indonesian people still experience human rights violations. The protection and enforcement of human rights by relying solely on laws and regulations have not produced optimal results ––  at least this is the case in Indonesia.

For this reason, the existence of statutory regulations is deemed necessary to be equipped with other instruments. Other instruments referred to, among others, are human rights institutions. It is important to establish an institution that specifically deals with human rights issues to strengthen efforts to protect and enforce human rights. It is hoped that such an institution can become the infrastructure for improving and advancing the condition of human rights.

To maximize their performance, specialized human rights institutions themselves are also required to meet certain, stringent requirements. The requirement is that the institution must be independent (neutral) and consist of qualified people who have great concern in the protection and enforcement of human rights. It should be added that the independent character implies being free from government interference and influence.

The involvement of government officials in human rights institutions is considered to reduce the institution's performance. This is because government officials are generally still bound by government influence and interests. Evidence shows that most of the human rights violations in Indonesia have been committed by government officials –– for the future, the situation is also predicted to be the same. That is why, if a human rights institution consists of people who are still active in the government or are influenced by the government, it is feared that this institution will fall into a government institution that will never be able to carry out efforts to protect, enforce, improve and promote human rights as such.

The need for the existence of human rights institutions in our country has begun to be fulfilled with the formation of the Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia/National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM) commonly abbreviated as in 1993. However, at that time, because it was formed by a presidential decree and was still under the influence of the Orde Baru government, Komnas HAM did not show the performance as expected. This again proves that government involvement tends to negatively affect the performance of human rights institutions.

Another institution that resembles a human rights institution has previously been established, namely the LBHI (Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia/Indonesian Legal Aid Institute). This institution actually has the main mission of providing assistance and advocacy (defense) in the legal process. However, because they often provide assistance and advocacy to people who experience human rights violations, LBHI is considered worthy of being categorized as a human rights institution because it has contributed to the protection, enforcement, improvement and advancement of human rights in Indonesia.

The same thing applies to an institution called Kontras (Komisi untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan/Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence). This institution, which was once led by a prominent human rights defender, Munir, has a very prominent role in the protection and enforcement of human rights in the period leading up to and after the collapse of the Orde Baru regime. Their role complements the role previously played by LBHI.

Apart from that, in 2000, the initiative to establish another institution with duties related to human rights was initiated. At that time, according to the plan, the institution in question would be named the Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi /Truth and Reconciliation Commission (KKR). This last institution will be established to solve the problem of human rights violations and abuses of power that occurred in the past within the framework of national harmony.

  

Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Formulation of Laws and Regulations on Human Rights

 By  Akhmad Zamroni

Source: https www.duq.edu

The existence of laws and regulations on human rights (HAM) is very important in efforts to protect and enforce human rights. Without laws and regulations that guarantee the existence of citizens' human rights with all their problems, all efforts to protect and enforce human rights are meaningless. Without a law that contains provisions on human rights, efforts to protect and enforce human rights will be very weak and can easily be countered or suffer stagnation because they do not have a valid and strong legal basis.

Therefore, since entering the reform era in 1998, various laws and regulations on human rights have been enacted. Through the initiative of the DPR and the government, a number of laws and regulations on human rights and other related matters have been passed. The statutory regulations that have been established are Law no. 5 of 1998 (concerning Ratification of the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment), Law no. 9 of 1998 (on Freedom to Express Opinions in Public), Law no. 39 of 1999 (concerning Human Rights), Law no. 26 of 2000 (concerning Human Rights Courts), as well as Presidential Decree No. 181 of 1998 (concerning the National Commission on Violence against Women). Other laws and regulations that are also enforced are as follows:

•    UU No. 8/1999 concerning Consumer Protection,

•    UU No. 19/1999 concerning Ratification of ILO Convention No. 105 concerning the Elimination of Workers by Force,

•    UU No. 21/1999 concerning Ratification of ILO Convention No. 11 on Discrimination in Employment,

•    UU No. 29/1999 concerning Ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination, as well

•    Keppres No. 31/2001 concerning the Establishment of a Human Rights Court at the Central Jakarta District Court, the Surabaya District Court, and the Makassar District Court.

 

Prior to the emergence of these laws and regulations, we already had the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD Negara RI 1945) which also contained provisions regarding the rights of citizens. As a result of pressure for reform, the provisions of citizens' rights in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia were further deepened through amendments. This is done to strengthen the legal basis for preventing the recurrence of human rights violations such as during the Old and New Order periods as well as strengthening efforts to protect and enforce human rights for the future.

The existence of all these laws and regulations clearly determines the success of efforts to protect, enforce, improve and promote human rights in our country. Its presence is the legal basis for all these efforts. It is hoped that the existence of laws and regulations will make all efforts to improve and advance human rights conditions more legitimate and convincing.

Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Human Rights Education

 By  Akhmad Zamroni

Source: static.pexels.com

Efforts to protect and enforce human rights through education are actually almost the same as efforts through awareness campaigns. The difference is, the effort through education is an official government effort carried out on the basis of a programmed and systematic curriculum and activities. In essence, efforts through education are also intended to provide knowledge and awareness of human rights, but with the target community groups who are still in school and college age.

PMP (Pendidikan Moral Pancasila/Pancasila Moral Education) which has now changed to PPKn (Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan/Pancasila and Citizenship Education) is the only subject that provides material about human rights to students and students. In this subject, there is special material on human rights. In addition, it is also taught about the rights and obligations of citizens. Human rights as well as rights and obligations in general are usually given in this lesson on the main legal basis of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.

Efforts through education are actually very important and vital to impart knowledge and awareness of human rights. This is because these efforts are made for students who are still in their infancy and their awareness and personality are relatively easy to shape. However, efforts through school education, unfortunately, have so far been considered to have not brought maximum results.

Material on human rights is not provided as an independent subject, but is only a small part of the PPKn lesson. In addition, lessons on human rights are not matched by providing adequate examples. What is taught to students is often contrary to real life situations. Students are educated to understand and respect human rights, but in real life many government officials, leaders and figures have committed human rights violations. This causes human rights learning to students to be less fully absorbed and lived up to.

Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Human Rights Awareness and Advocacy Campaigns

 By  Akhmad Zamroni

Source: activistsandiego.org

The human rights awareness campaign is a simultaneous movement carried out to instill awareness of the importance of human rights among citizens. Through this action the understanding was instilled that every citizen has human rights and human rights must be protected, guaranteed and respected. A human rights campaign is deemed necessary, especially targeting the grassroots whose knowledge and awareness of human rights are generally lacking.

Human rights awareness campaigns are commonly carried out through various forums. Various meeting forums, formal or informal, are used to increase insight and awareness about human rights. Seminars, discussions, workshops, dialogues and free forums are often used especially by human rights institutions (Komnas HAM) and non-governmental bodies (NGOs) to campaign for human rights to the community. Through informal (non-formal) meetings with the lower class society, human rights activists also often carry out awareness-raising actions.

Advocacy is a movement to assist and defend victims of human rights violations. Advocacy is carried out during the trial process of cases of human rights violations so that victims can receive proper protection and defense and that the cases can be given a correct and fair decision by the court. The targets of advocacy are mainly victims of human rights violations who are economically and politically weak.

So far, especially before the arrival of the reform era, efforts to uphold human rights through campaigns and advocacy were mostly carried out by non-governmental organizations. Non-governmental organizations that are known to be active and aggressively take this route include LBHI (Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia/Indonesian Legal Aid Institute) and Kontras (Komisi untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan/Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence). Observers of human rights consider these two institutions to be instrumental in efforts to uphold human rights in Indonesia through campaigns and advocacy.

Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights in Indonesia

 By  Akhmad Zamroni

Source: http://www.op.org

In the history of human life, human rights (HAM) –– as well as democracy –– have become a problem that has often attracted attention. In certain periods, human rights sometimes go unnoticed, but if there are few problems related to it, issues about it will quickly spread and attract attention. Why is that? How did it happen?

The issue of human rights has actually emerged for centuries. However, entering the 21st century, the issue of human rights has returned to heat and has received serious attention. The resurgence of the issue regarding this one matter is mainly triggered by the contradiction that in modern times that no longer justifies the existence of imperialism, in many areas there are still various forms of oppression against humans.

Many international circles are deeply concerned about this. To recall the importance of protecting and upholding human rights, the United Nations, international institutions and developed countries, among others, enacted provisions that cooperation and assistance to certain countries was linked to human rights issues. Cooperation and assistance will be carried out with and to a country if the government of the country concerned can guarantee the protection and upholding of citizens' human rights.

Meanwhile, in our own country, the issue of human rights also happened to be heating up again and sticking out strongly towards the end of the 20th century, to be precise during the reformation movement era in 1997-1998. After the fall of the authoritarian and iron-fisted New Order regime (May 1998), the issue of human rights became increasingly heated and arose. As a form of seriousness in making efforts to protect and enforce human rights, one year later a special law on human rights, namely Law no. 39/1999.

To deal with the number of cases of human rights violations, especially serious violations, efforts to protect and enforce human rights are constantly being carried out. Even though at this time there have been many fewer cases of human rights violations, efforts to protect and uphold human rights are deemed necessary as part of an effort to prevent violations and simultaneously promote human rights. This is deemed necessary both in international coverage and in national coverage in every country - particularly in developing countries.

During the New Order government, efforts to protect and enforce human rights in Indonesia can be said to have been neglected; and what is actually happening are human rights violations by government officials. However, since entering the reform era in 1998, efforts to protect and enforce human rights have entered an exciting new chapter. These efforts are being carried out increasingly intensively, while awareness of the importance of human rights is growing and developing.

Efforts to protect and uphold human rights in Indonesia are generally pursued in five ways, namely first, through awareness campaigns and advocacy; second, through education; third, through the formation of legislation (legislation); fourth, through the establishment of human rights institutions; and fifth, through the judiciary (court). These five efforts are deemed necessary to be integrated. With integrated efforts through these five channels, efforts to protect and uphold human rights are expected to achieve the expected results. Further more detailed efforts can be read in the articles "Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Campaign for Human Rights Awareness and Advocacy", "Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Human Rights Education", "Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Formulation of Legislation on Human Rights", "Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Establishment of Human Rights Institutions", and "Efforts to Protect and Uphold Human Rights: Human Rights Courts" in the same blog.

Components and Characteristics of Human Rights

 By  Akhmad Zamroni

Source: joy.org.au

From the definitions of human rights above (Check the “Definition of Human Rights”), we can see some of the components and characteristics or characteristics contained in human rights. These components and characteristics are related to the essence of human beings and their existence and survival in the world as creatures created by God Almighty. The components in this case are intended as dimensions or aspects that are contained in human rights and cannot be separated from them. As for what is meant as a characteristic is the role of human rights in human life.

These components and characteristics Amatlah determine human existence and human rights. Understanding of the components and characteristics of human rights will determine efforts to protect, enforce and promote human rights. These components and properties can be described as follows.

•    Human rights are natural because they are gifts or gifts from God. Humans are gifted by God with human rights from birth. God gives human rights to humans so that humans have the ability, power, or authority to do things that are necessary for their survival.

•    Only God has the right and can take away or revoke human rights; other than Him not. Only God can, rightly, and should remove human rights (through death) because human rights are a direct gift from God. As for fellow human beings, it is not allowed to cancel each other's human rights.

•    Automatically human rights are inherent and owned by and by every individual human being. Ownership is not bound by ethnicity, race, class, nationality, gender, and so on.

•    Human rights determine human dignity and honor. The level of dignity or position of a human being is determined by the fulfillment of his human rights. Individuals whose human rights are fulfilled will have a different dignity from individuals whose human rights are not fulfilled (violated).

•    Human rights greatly affect the existence and survival of individual human beings. Human existence and survival are also determined by the fulfillment of their human rights. Individuals whose human rights are guaranteed, their existence and survival will also be guaranteed, and vice versa.

•    Human rights must be upheld, respected and protected. Human rights should not be violated by anyone. Violation of human rights is a violation of human values ​​which will cause the degeneration of human dignity and so that human rights violations constitute acts of violation of the law that must be rewarded with appropriate sanctions /punishments.

Definition of Human Rights

 By  Akhmad Zamroni

    Source: i0.wp.com

Humans do not just appear on earth, but are created by God Almighty through a process called birth. Man was created by God with physical completeness (body), soul (spirit), and rights. What are rights? Rights are the power or authority to perform certain actions or deeds.

Rights are an important component of individual human beings. Rights enable humans to carry out various activities in order to carry out and sustain life. Once created by God, humans immediately have the right to live because once God put the spirit in the human body, God gave him the right to live.

As a consequence, apart from God, no creature or party has the right to take or uproot the spirit (soul / life) from man (kill). It is not permissible for anyone to remove (take) the life / spirit of a human being without a valid reason according to certain provisions (such as religious law and state law). Only Almighty God has full authority (rights) to eliminate (revoke) human life / spirit because God is the creator of man, the giver of human life, as well as the creator and ruler of the universe.

The right to life given by God to humans contains or contains other rights as derivatives. To maintain and carry on their lives, humans are not only given the right to live, but are also provided with other rights. Without other rights as derivatives and enhancements, humans can only live, but are unable to do anything to maintain and carry on their lives as well as to continue their offspring. The inherited and additional rights consist of the right to obtain a livelihood (job), the right to establish a place to live, the right to have a life partner and to marry, the right to have offspring (children), the right to associate and socialize, the right to choose. and adhering to a religion, the right to organize, the right to express an opinion, and so on.

The right to life along with the inherited and additional rights is a basic right inherently inherent in humans from the first time of its creation. These rights continue to stick until humans end their life (die). Thus, these rights are inherent in humans as long as they live in the world.

These rights are inherent during human life because in order to continue and maintain their life, it is impossible for humans to escape from it. If these rights are disturbed or violated, then the nature of human life will also be disturbed. In other words, when these rights cannot be exercised properly, human life becomes inconsistent with human nature as bestowed by God.

The basic rights inherent in each individual human being are commonly referred to as "human rights" - commonly abbreviated as HAM. Human rights are basic rights owned by humans. As already mentioned, hak means "authority" or "power" (to do something), while human means "basic" or "principal". Human rights are owned by every human being who lives in the world.

That is the definition of basic and general rights. This understanding develops in line with the development of human life. The notion of human rights is associated with other things, such as the state, government, politics, law, economy, social and culture after the history and development of human life has been so complex. As a more detailed and varied reference on the definition of human rights, here are some of the definitions of human rights from experts.

•    John Locke said that human rights are rights given directly by God the Creator as natural rights so that no power in the world can revoke them.

•    Jan Materson stated that human rights are rights inherent in every human being, without which human beings cannot possibly live as humans.

•    A.J.M. Milne said that human rights are rights owned by all human beings at all times and in all places because of the primacy of their existence (existence) as a human being.

•    G.J. Wolhos stated that human rights are a number of rights that are inherent and rooted in every human being in the world and these rights cannot be eliminated because eliminating other people's human rights is tantamount to eliminating the degree of humanity.

•    Austin Ranney said that human rights are space for individual freedom which is clearly formulated in the constitution and guaranteed by the government.

•    Peter R. Baehr stated that human rights are absolute basic rights and must be owned by every human being for their own development.

•    David Beetham and Kevin Boyle said that human rights and basic human freedoms are individual rights that come from human needs and capacities.

•    Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights states that human rights are a set of rights inherent in the nature and existence of humans as creatures of God Almighty and are His gifts that must be respected, upheld and protected by the state, law, government, and everyone for the honor and protection of human dignity.

•    Oemar Seno Adji said that human rights are rights inherent in every human dignity as a human being created by God Almighty which has the nature of not being violated by anyone (human / other group).

•    Franz Magnis-Suseno stated that human rights are rights that are owned by humans not because of a gift from society and not because of (the existence of) positive law, but because of their dignity as a human being; humans have it (human rights) because he is human.

•    Miriam Budiardjo stated that human rights are rights that are owned by everyone who is born into the world; These rights are universal because their ownership is not bound by differences in sex, race, culture, ethnicity, religion, and so on.

•    Mahfud M.D. said that human rights are rights inherent in the dignity of every human being who are born into the world so that in essence these rights are natural.

•    Koentjoro Poerbopranoto said that human rights are rights that are fundamental or fundamental, which are owned by every human being based on their nature which basically cannot be separated so that they are sacred.

•    Haar Tilar said that human rights are rights inherent in every human being which are obtained from birth into the world and without having these rights every human being cannot live like a human.

•    Muladi stated that human rights are all basic or basic rights inherent in humans in their lives.

•    The ICCE (Indonesian Center for Civic Education) team at the State Islamic University of Jakarta stated that human rights are rights inherent in human beings that are natural and fundamental as a gift from Allah that must be respected, guarded and protected by every individual, society, or country.